- an Irish monk who did mission work on the European continent, especially in southern and central Germany - along with other Irish missionaries (like Kilian and Virgil), Columbanus made great strides toward converting the Germans to Christianity
- Irish Christianity emphasized private confession (Rome did not, originally), and these mission activities mark the beginning of the Roman practice of private confession - the Irish monks were also the ones who came up with “penitential” books, listing all the sins that people could do, and what “penances” should be done to show that you were sorry for them
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