Italy
the Lombards, 568-
- the Lombards, a small tribe, had moved into Italy beginning in 568 - they never made any agreement with the empire and were resented by the Italians - they split up into a number of little stated led by dukes
- under Duke Agilulf of Turin, 590-615, the number of dukedoms were reduced, the Lombards became either friendly toward the Pope or converted to Catholicism - a system of “episcopal immunities” was set up, by which bishops (especially of larger cities) became secular rulers as well, taking the place of vanished Roman officials
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