Constantine IV, 668-685
- son of Constans, he was an able soldier - his reign witnessed the height of the Arab attack on Byzantium - from 673-678, the Arabs blockaded and attacked Constantinople - the city survived because of its strong walls and because the Arabs had turned down a new invention, “Greek fire” which Constantine used in the first flamethrowers to destroy the Arab fleet
- in 679, the Bulgars, a Turkish people, left southern Russia, crossed the Danube and began setting up (after first merging with the Slavs) the first Slavic empire in what is now Bulgaria
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