Spain
- the Visigothic kingdom had degenerated to a king having virtually no power - in 711, a mixed group of Arabs and Berbers (North African tribesman) under Tariq defeated the last Visigothic king, Roderick, and drove the Christians into the northwest corner of Spain (which became the kingdom of Castile) - by 719, the Islamic forces had reached the border between France and Spain, though they were defeated by Charles Martel in 732
- the Omayyad Dynasty of Cordova (756-1031) ruled over most of Spain for almost three centuries - by 777, Charlemagne was invading Spain, and by 801 he had captured much of
northeastern Spain
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