- officially emperor, but spent much of his time fighting with his brothers, Charles the Bald and Louis the German
- in 842, the followers of Charles and Louis gathered and forced the two to support each other - this “Treaty of Verdun” is important because it's considered the first example of “modern” French and German (i.e., the languages that these two groups spoke were recognizably different and recognizably related to the French and German we hear today)
- Charles the Bald controlled what is today called France, Louis what is today most of Germany, and Lothair the land in between (Holland, the Netherlands, Switzerland) - historians believe that the actions taken during this century led directly to the modern countries of today
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