Germany
Civil War in Germany, 1197-1212,
between Philp of Swabia and Otto of Brunswick
Frederick II, 1212-1259
- “Stupor Mundi” (The Wonder of
the World) - “the most brilliant ruler and one of the most learned men of his day” - raised
in Sicily, supported the bishops of Germany and gave them many privileges, really making them
into secular princes
- he went on a crusade 1227-1229, but
returned sick, but the Pope didn’t believe he was really sick so was excommunicated
for breaking his crusader’s oath - he did, however, negotiate a peace with Egypt that
made him the master of Jerusalem
- when his son Henry began making
moves against him, he had Henry arrested and imprisoned, where Henry committed suicide -
throughout his life he was involved in a terrific struggle for control of Italy with the Pope - and
after he died the popes “violently persecuted” his relatives and followers - in 1224, the
University of Naples was founded
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