Italy
Innocent III, 1198-1216
- high point of the medieval papacy -
a brilliant administrator of the church - he insisted on the 4th crusade, only to have it go
astray - he wanted another crusade to be directed against the Moslems in Spain, only to find it
was directed against heretics in southern France (indirectly strengthening French royal power)
- 1215, the Fourth Lateran Council -
(1) the Lord’s Supper was decreed to be the most important Sacrament , (2) transubstantiation
was proclaimed as the “way” the Eucharist happened and (3) it was decreed that
Christians had to confess and commune once a year to be considered Christian
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